4 short questions about American history Coursework

4 short questions about American history - Coursework Example In the mid-1800s, most of the American women had substantially gained a lot in the education standard with most having secured legal rights and increased accessibility to goods manufactured. Most of the women in the Northern part of America became partisan in efforts towards reforms, removal of slavery, improvement of prisons and colonizing of persons that were formerly slaves. However, many of the women lived a life that mainly concentrated on their households, gardens, crops and their immediate families. A majority of them lived in the reserve areas towards the end of the civil war mainly performing manual and physical duties in their households. Over two hundred and fifty females have been noted into participated in the war for adventure and the urge to accompany their husbands. Some did so to earn a living for their families while others were dedicated to the cause. In that regard, women were partisan in every major battle including the 1862s Battle of Shiloh where six women were present. Those women who acted as spies and nurses were close to the front line for instance Tennessees Mary Ann Pitman. The expectation from the men was not to have women as part of politics (DEMÄ °R, 2006). They did not even imagine that these women could be used to transfer confidential information. On the contrary, these women took up the challenge and acquired very critical information from their counterpart enemies. Women referred to as Unionist and Confederate furthered their individual causes through getting information about their competitors and passing it to the men. They hid information under their skirts and parasols. Notably, Nashvi lles Mary Frances spied and did smuggle for the Confederacy. Some of the duties the women performed during the war were carried forth into the current society. They include Nursing, which was greatly linked to the women in civil war. Clara Barton advanced this

Patagonia Another Way of Doing Business Essay Example for Free

Patagonia Another Way of Doing Business Essay 1Introduction Patagonia was founded in 1957 by Yvon Chouinard who defines himself as a reluctant business man. He started his business as a way to climb and surf year long, seeking to build the best product to satisfy his passion. â€Å"Build the best product, cause no unnecessary harm, use business to inspire and implement solutions to the environmental crisis. † –Patagonias Mission Statement Patagonia grew out of a small company that made tools for climbers. Alpinism remains at the heart of a worldwide business that still makes clothes for climbing as well as for skiing, snowboarding, surfing, fly fishing, paddling and trail running. Customers are willing to pay a premium for the Patagonia brand and environmental ethic. The companys goal is as simple as it is challenging: to produce the highest-quality products while doing the least possible harm to the environment. Yvon Chouinard founder and owner of Patagonia has done business differently since the beginning of the company, placing environmental sustainability and social welfare of his employee before profit. Three examples of the company practice will show how marketing and business can meet ethical behavior. Patagonia: a different workplace environment Patagonia is hiring only passionate people (friends, family†¦) who are also product user so they don’t have to understand the customer because they are the customer. Patagonia has developed the Let My People Go surfing flextime policy to cope with the employee passion (surfing, backcountry skiing†¦). There are no private offices and the architectural layout keep communication opens. The cafeter ia where employees can gather throughout the day serves healthy, mostly vegetarian food. The company has also an on-site child care center, the presence of children playing in the yard, or having lunch with their parents in the cafeteria helps keep the company atmosphere more familial than corporate. Patagonia has a program that allows employees to take off up to two months at full pay to work for environmental groups. Patagonia fosters creativity and authenticity through its work environment and hiring process enabling the development of original products. 3Patagonia: The 1% for the Planet Initiative Since 1985, Patagonia has devoted 1% of its sales to the preservation and restoration of the natural environment. The company has awarded over $46 million in cash and in-kind donations to domestic and international grassroots environmental. In 2002, founder of Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies, created a non-profit corporation to encourage other businesses to do the same. 1% For The Planet is an alliance of businesses that understand the necessity of protecting the natural environment. As of today 1401 companies are members of the 1% for the Planet Initiative and donate 1% of their sales to a network of 2,735 environmental organizations worldwide. More than a marketing campaign, The 1% for the Planet Initiative is a really strong statement from Patagonia (no matter what are the financial results 1% of its sales will serve the environmental cause every year), it has reinforced the company corporate social responsibility and ethical image, hence the loyalty of its core customers. 4Patagonia: The Common Threads Initiative This marketing program first asks customers to not buy something if they dont need it, then if they do need it, Patagonia ask that they buy what will last a long time and to repair what breaks, reuse or resell whatever they dont wear any more. And, finally, recycle whatevers truly worn out. Patagonia with The Common Threads Initiative is the first private company launching a marketing campaign telling its customers to buy less or to buy used gear. In September 2011 Patagonia launched an online marketplace in collaboration with eBay for customers to sell and buy their used Patagonia products. This feature is displayed on the homepage of patagonia. com. Recycling is what we do when were out of options to avoid, repair, or reuse the product first. Thats why I am so impressed with Patagonia for starting its Common Threads Initiative with the real solution: Reduce. Dont buy what we dont need. Repair: Fix stuff that still has life in it. Reuse: Share. Then, only when youve exhausted those options, recycle (Leonard, 2011). This new marketing campaign was unveiled at the New York fashion week as an experiment. Only a private company without public shareholder and a charismatic leader with strong belief can promote such a different business attitude. 5Conclusion Patagonia has always done business and marketing differently. In the seventies Chouinard Equipment had become the largest supplier of climbing hardware in the U. S. It had also become an environmental threat because its gear was damaging the rock. Yvon Chouinard and his partner decided to phase out of this business even it if was the main source of revenue for the company, it was the first environmental step for Patagonia. Instead of focusing on profit the company took a big risk by discontinuing a successful line of products to promote an alternative solution (aluminum chocks) for climbers. It became a success because Patagonia crafted the right product with the right message and stayed true to its core values. Today with the Common Threads Initiative they are pursuing the exact same philosophy and trying to push the industry to adopt more ethical business behaviors. Patagonia’s highly public search for a new way of doing business implies a new kind of relationship with customers, reinforced by unconditional guarantees, extremely high product quality and an explicit commitment to ethical codes of behavior (Reinhardt, 2000).

An Essay on The Withered Arm, by Thomas Hardy -- English Literature

An Essay on The Withered Arm, by Thomas Hardy ‘The past is a foreign country. They did things differently there.’ ‘The Go Between’ by L.P. Hartley. Thomas Hardy, a Victorian novelist, based his stories on experience of growing up in rural Dorset. Growing up there, he became familiar with the language, customs, practises and stories of the country folk. These stories draw up on his experiences enabling him to write ‘Wessex Tales’. Among many pieces of work is ‘The Withered Arm’. ‘The Withered Arm’ is a well-crafted short story written in the prose format. The quote above portrays what pre-twentieth century literature should embrace; good literature should be insightable, realistic and significant to all people from any era. In this essay I am going to describe the ways in which Thomas Hardy has made his short story, ‘The Withered Arm’ interesting to the modern reader. ‘The Withered Arm’ is about Rhoda Brook, a dark milkmaid who retaliates on her lovers beautiful new wife, Gertrude, after her lover, Farmer Lodge abandons her and their illigimate son. Hardy has carefully structured all the elements of a short story making ‘The Withered Arm’ interesting and perennial to the modern reader. Farmer Lodge’s denial of the affair with Rhoda and the neglection of his son causes Rhoda’s plotting revenge. Employing the character, Conjuror Trendle, brings the involvement of witchcraft and supernatural powers, giving the plot a paranormal twist. The public execution of The Boy immediately grasps the interest of the reader because we learn that in the Victorian times, committing such a petty crime, there is a massive penalty. We also learn that the lives of the people were so habitual, that they thought of executio... ...led and brings out the best in his stories, yet his language maybe a little hard to understand for a modern reader. I do not find the character in ‘The Withered Arm’ a problem at all because although some of those characters no longer exist, Rhoda, Conjuror Trendle, Hangman, it is still interesting to read about their daily lives and how things were for them; after all good literature should be giving the reader and insight on how things were. Even though the reader may not always agree to the philosophies hidden in his themes, it is captivating to imagine how a Victorian writer can relate to such things. I think that ‘The Withered Arm’ is a fantastic example of pre-twentieth century literature because not only is it interesting, but it gives us an insight on the different lives of the different characters and yet is still interesting to the modern reader.

Events Provision in Birmingham

This assignment will identify the range of events being promoted in the city of Birmingham, it will also classify whether the events are organised by the public, private or voluntary sector. There will also be an overview of the visitor's perception of the city and event and finally it will analyse the local resident's attitudes towards the event. The six events which will be analysed are the MPH Show '06, which is a motor event hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. Mitchell and Webb Live, which is a comedy sketch show. The BBL Cup Final. The Survivor Series Tour, which is a sports entertainment event. Mela 2006 and the final event is Little Britain Live. Theorists such as Allen 2002 state that an event is defined as a significant gathering or activity that takes place often in a social setting. (J. Allen 2002) The first event, which will be analysed, is the MPH Show '06. The event was in operation between 26-29 October 2006 at the NEC Birmingham. The MPH Show's web page describes the event, as â€Å"a 75 minute theatre show in an explosive combination of car chases, outrageous stunts, incredible driving and world debuts. A personal look at the finest selection of the most stylish, rare and expensive cars in our galleried exhibitions – its motoring heaven!† (www.mphshow.co.uk) This event can be categorised under the mega events typology group. The reason for this is that the event has the potential to attract over one million visitors. A further reason that this event can attract a vast amount of large visitors is that well-known motoring expert Jeremy Clarkson is hosting it. Due to the motor show being taken away from Birmingham, The MPH Show can be its ideal replacement and generate a high level of economic and tourism impact into Birmingham. Theorist such as Getz 1997 states, â€Å"Mega events, by way of their size or significance are those that yield extraordinarily high levels of tourism, media coverage or economic impact for the host community and destinations.† (Getz 1997) There could be arguments suggesting that it can be put under the special events typology. The reason for that being that the event is a one off event and is an event, which comes under persons social activities such as football and music. The second event that will be analysed is Mitchell & Webb Live, which will take place at the Birmingham Hippodrome on 5th November. The event brings comedian duo David Mitchell and Robert Webb to the Hippodrome as part of their live tour. This event can be categorised under the special events typology group. Getz states, â€Å"A special event is a one time or infrequently occurring event outside the normal programme or activities of the sponsoring or organising body.† (Getz 1997- lecture hand out) The third event that will be analysed is the Survivor Series Tour, which is organised by sports entertainment company WWE. The event will be held on 12th November 2006 at the NEC. This event can be categorised into the special events group. The reason for this is that it is part of a person's social interest and it is place where they can go with family and friends to the event. Getz 1997 states, â€Å"To the customer or guest, a special event is an opportunity for leisure, social or cultural experience outside the normal range of choices or beyond everyday experience.† (Getz 1997) The fourth event, which will be analysed, is Little Britain Live, which will be held in The NIA. According to the NEC group website, â€Å"David Walliams and Matt Lucas have extended their phenomenal Little Britain Birmingham tour dates with a 14th night at The NIA on Saturday 9 December.† (www.necgroup.co.uk) This event can be categorised in to the special events typology category, due to this event being a social interest event. The fifth event, which will evaluated is the BBL Cup Final that will be held in The NIA. The BBL Cup Final is the basketball tournament finals that will come to a climax in Birmingham. Also in the event are the women's basketball tournament finals. This type of event can be categorised under the hallmark typology. The reason for this is that it is a one off event. Theorist such as Ritchie 1984 defines a hallmark event as â€Å"A major one-time or recurring event of limited duration, developed primarily to enhance the awareness appeal and profitability of a tourist destination in the short or long term.† (Ritchie 1984) The final event is The Asian Mela 2006, which is to be held between 17-19 November 2006 at the NEC. The Asian Mela is an event targeted at the Asian community by holding an event that has Asian fashion, entertainment and many more experiences. This type of event can categorised in to the special events typology group. A special event recognises a unique moment in time with ceremony and ritual to satisfy specific needs. The reason for this being is that it relates to the cultural aspects of the Asian community and also can be an event that brings together people from different backgrounds to celebrate Asian lifestyles and how it has made an impact in today's British society. The second part of this assignment will identify whether the events have been organised by private, public or voluntary sectors. The Mph Show was organised by the fuel company shell. Shell is considered a global group that produces oil, fuel and other types of energy sources. The company is considered part of the private sector. Theorist such as Fardon state, â€Å"The private sector compromises of businesses which are directly or indirectly in private ownership.† (Fardon 2000) The Mitchell & Webb Live event is being presented at the Birmingham Hippodrome. The Hippodrome is a theatre, which is a charity run theatre. The charity ‘The Friends of The Hippodrome' is an organisation, which counts on donations from corporations such as Lloyds TSB and even donations from the public. The Survivor Series event, which is an event run by the sports entertainment company WWE. The company is a private limited company that runs live events mainly in the United States, but also tours the rest of the world. The Little Britain Live event, which is being shown at the NIA. The event is by the NIA group, which is linked with the city council. This sector can be put in the public sector, as it is part of the district council. The BBL Cup Final is an annual event, which is to be held at the NIA, is being organised by the British Basketball League Association. This is part of the public sector. Websites such as www.whatsis.techtarget.com have given a definition to the public sector, which states, â€Å"The public sector overlaps with the private sector in producing or providing certain goods and services. The extent of this overlap varies from country to country, state to state, province to province, and city to city.† By evaluating this statement and relating it to events, the public sector needs sum form of assistance from the private sector such as funds and sponsorship. It can be an advantage for both private and public sectors, as the private sector organisation is getting good recognition by giving a helping hand to the public sector organisation. The Asian Mela event is presented by the Asian television station Zee and events firm Clarion Events. Both companies are part of the private sector. This part of the assignment will explain the impact that the actual events provision of the city has on visitor perceptions. When discussing event impacts there are various elements that need to be considered. These elements are as follows, social/cultural, economics, political and developmental. The social/cultural implications are to bring increased community spirit and bring people from different cultures to unify and enjoy the events. In today's world, there are many negative issues surrounding different cultures. It is vital that there are events that can bring people from different backgrounds and faiths so that they can enjoy them without any fear or scepticism. The economic side of the impact is that it can help with the cities revenue, resulting in the city bringing more events and even construct new buildings to present the events. As Birmingham is one of the United Kingdoms visited places with hot spots such as The Bull Ring and The Mail Box for shopping and leisure and recreational areas like Star City and AMC. Which ever type of event is happening in Birmingham there is high possibility of tourists staying over the local hotels and bed and breakfasts, which also is a plus for the local businesses as well as the city. The political element is that increases the cities national reputation and improves its profile. The developmental and environmental elements of having events in Birmingham are that it can have effects such as urban regeneration. This can have a positive outcome on the less funded areas of the city. With the money generated from these events, by giving the lesser funded area's resources to rejuvenate the area by constructing community centres for young people who have broken backgrounds to learn new skills and make more of their lives. When considering these types of impacts for the events chosen for this assignment. The MPH Show will bring in many visitors who have an interest for exotic and concept cars, these are also known as ‘petrol heads'. The main target market for this event will be 18-30 mainly male. The economic side of the event will be a benefit as it is running for three days, this is a bonus for hotels as there will be visitors from outside of Birmingham who may want to go to the show, whilst site seeing and going to local businesses. The political element will be affected, as Birmingham was once home to the motor show. By having this type of event with a well-known host such as Jeremy Clarkson may not replace the revenue and the publicity that the city used to get from the motor show, but it will be a stepping-stone to bringing in similar types of events to the city. The BBL Cup Final will target mainly basketball fans from different ages. Although basketball is not one of England's favourite sports, a minority can be targeted effectively. The economic element will bring in the minority of basketball fans through as much advertising there can be. This can also be a positive for accommodation businesses. Whether or not the NIA is going to remain being the host of the tournaments finals, it will be a positive for the city council, which can attract other indoor sports events. The Survivor Series event will be targeting mainly young males aged 16 and over. However, there has been an increase in female attendances to the sports entertainment events. Although the company is originated in the United States, the business does have strong relations within the UK. This can bring in tourists from outer Birmingham and even out of England. This resulting in massive revenue for hotels and other local businesses. The Mitchell and Webb Live and Little Britain Live events will both have similar type of element results. The target for these events are going to be varied as the events are based on shows from television, this is a positive because it can attract young and older generations. Economically it will be good for the city as these events are apart of a long tour, generating revenue for local businesses. This will raise the profile of the city by having well known comedy gigs and even make aware of other comedy performances to add the city to their tours in the near future. The Asian Mela event will target mainly the Asian community and even target other cultures, as it is known that different cultures are adapting Asian fashion in to their lifestyles. This will be a good event for local businesses, as the event will attract tourists from other regions. Regarding the political element, this is an event that will be popular as the more it goes grows with the community, there will be more ideas for events for other cultures. By attracting the non Asian community to the event, it can bring a unity to the general public and let the people know that there is room for understanding to the cultures and not the dark cloud that hangs around the Asian community as misinterpreted in today's media. The final part of this assignment will consider local residents attitudes to the events within their city. When events such as the MPH Show come into Birmingham, resident's attitudes are going to be stereotypical. They may assume that the event may attract a group of hooligans and maybe concerned that there will be a riot of some sort. The residents will more likely welcome the sporting events the BBL Cup Final and the Survivor Series Tour, as they are events the whole family can go and watch. The basketball final's tournament is something in which the local residents can be proud that their city is part of. This can result in pride in association with the city. It can also be a positive for locals because it is bringing in tourists and even be welcomed by shops and other business. The comedy events Little Britain Live and Mitchell & Webb Live will be welcomed, as both events are family friendly and are based on television shows that are well known. Birmingham is known for being a cultured city, with evidence being backed up by Birmingham City Councils webpage which provides statistics in the form of charts. One way of showing this is by holding an event targeted for its Asian community, The Asian Mela. As Birmingham has a high percentage of Asians as one of its many ethnic groups, the Asian community will welcome the event. By holding this event, it can even attract other people from different ethnic groups and be welcomed by everyone. A family event for al to enjoy the community will be proud to have it in their city. In conclusion a city such as Birmingham will welcome it. The main factor is that it can hold majority of events within its venues such as the NEC, the NIA and the Symphony Hall. Bringing in more events will increase tourism and revenue for the city. This is a plus as the money generated from the events can go on to bring in more opportunities for people with different interests and backgrounds. Making the city a hotspot for events.

Deception Point Page 8

The President gave her a comforting grin, and Rachel sensed firsthand the legendary Herney affability. The man possessed an easygoing countenance political cartoonists loved because no matter how skewed a rendition they drew, no one ever mistook the man's effortless warmth and amiable smile. His eyes mirrored sincerity and dignity at all times. â€Å"If you follow me,† he said in a cheery voice, â€Å"I've got a cup of coffee with your name on it.† â€Å"Thank you, sir.† The President pressed the intercom and called for some coffee in his office. As Rachel followed the President through the plane, she could not help but notice that he looked extremely happy and well-rested for a man who was down in the polls. He was also very casually dressed – blue jeans, a polo shirt, and L.L. Bean hiking boots. Rachel tried to make conversation. â€Å"Doing†¦ some hiking, Mr. President?† â€Å"Not at all. My campaign advisers have decided this should be my new look. What do you think?† Rachel hoped for his sake that he wasn't serious. â€Å"It's very†¦ um†¦ manly, sir.† Herney was deadpan. â€Å"Good. We're thinking it will help me win back some of the women's vote from your father.† After a beat, the President broke into a broad smile. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, that was a joke. I think we both know I'll need more than a polo shirt and blue jeans to win this election.† The President's openness and good humor were quickly evaporating any tension Rachel felt about being there. What this President lacked in physical brawn, he more than made up for in diplomatic rapport. Diplomacy was about people skills, and Zach Herney had the gift. Rachel followed the President toward the back of the plane. The deeper they went, the less the interior resembled a plane – curved hallways, wallpapered walls, even an exercise room complete with StairMaster and rowing machine. Oddly, the plane seemed almost entirely deserted. â€Å"Traveling alone, Mr. President?† He shook his head. â€Å"Just landed, actually.† Rachel was surprised. Landed from where? Her intel briefs this week had included nothing about presidential travel plans. Apparently he was using Wallops Island to travel quietly. â€Å"My staff deplaned right before you arrived,† the President said. â€Å"I'm headed back to the White House shortly to meet them, but I wanted to meet you here instead of my office.† â€Å"Trying to intimidate me?† â€Å"On the contrary. Trying to respect you, Ms. Sexton. The White House is anything but private, and news of a meeting between the two of us would put you in an awkward position with your father.† â€Å"I appreciate that, sir.† â€Å"It seems you're managing a delicate balancing act quite gracefully, and I see no reason to disrupt that.† Rachel flashed on her breakfast meeting with her father and doubted that it qualified as â€Å"graceful.† Nonetheless, Zach Herney was going out of his way to be decent, and he certainly didn't have to. â€Å"May I call you Rachel?† Herney asked. â€Å"Of course.† May I call you Zach? â€Å"My office,† the President said, ushering her through a carved maple door. The office aboard Air Force One certainly was cozier than its White House counterpart, but its furnishings still carried an air of austerity. The desk was mounded with papers, and behind it hung an imposing oil painting of a classic, three-masted schooner under full sail trying to outrun a raging storm. It seemed a perfect metaphor for Zach Herney's presidency at the moment. The President offered Rachel one of the three executive chairs facing his desk. She sat. Rachel expected him to sit behind his desk, but instead he pulled one of the chairs up and sat next to her. Equal footing, she realized. The master of rapport. â€Å"Well, Rachel,† Herney said, sighing tiredly as he settled into his chair. â€Å"I imagine you've got to be pretty damned confused to be sitting here right now, am I right?† Whatever was left of Rachel's guard crumbled away with the candor in the man's voice. â€Å"Actually, sir, I'm baffled.† Herney laughed out loud. â€Å"Terrific. It's not every day I can baffle someone from the NRO.† â€Å"It's not every day someone from the NRO is invited aboard Air Force One by a President in hiking boots.† The President laughed again. A quiet rap on the office door announced the arrival of coffee. One of the flight crew entered with a steaming pewter pot and two pewter mugs on a tray. At the President's bidding, she laid the tray on the desk and disappeared. â€Å"Cream and sugar?† the President asked, standing up to pour. â€Å"Cream, please.† Rachel savored the rich aroma. The President of the United States is personally serving me coffee? Zach Herney handed her a heavy pewter mug. â€Å"Authentic Paul Revere,† he said. â€Å"One of the little luxuries.† Rachel sipped the coffee. It was the best she had ever tasted. â€Å"Anyhow,† the President said, pouring himself a cup and sitting back down, â€Å"I've got limited time here, so let's get to business.† The President plopped a sugar cube in his coffee and gazed up at her. â€Å"I imagine Bill Pickering warned you that the only reason I would want to see you would be to use you to my political advantage?† â€Å"Actually, sir, that's exactly what he said.† The President chuckled. â€Å"Always the cynic.† â€Å"So he's wrong?† â€Å"Are you kidding?† the President laughed. â€Å"Bill Pickering is never wrong. He's dead-on as usual.† 9 Gabrielle Ashe gazed absently out the window of Senator Sexton's limousine as it moved through the morning traffic toward Sexton's office building. She wondered how the hell she had arrived at this point in her life. Personal assistant to Senator Sedgewick Sexton. This was exactly what she had wanted, wasn't it? I'm sitting in a limousine with the next President of the United States. Gabrielle stared across the car's plush interior at the senator, who seemed to be far away in his own thoughts. She admired his handsome features and perfect attire. He looked presidential. Gabrielle had first seen Sexton speak when she was a poli-sci major at Cornell University three years ago. She would never forget how his eyes probed the audience, as if sending a message directly to her-trust me. After Sexton's speech, Gabrielle waited in line to meet him. â€Å"Gabrielle Ashe,† the senator said, reading her name tag. â€Å"A lovely name for a lovely young woman.† His eyes were reassuring. â€Å"Thank you, sir,† Gabrielle replied, feeling the man's strength as she shook his hand. â€Å"I was really impressed by your message.† â€Å"Glad to hear it!† Sexton thrust a business card into her hand. â€Å"I'm always looking for bright young minds who share my vision. When you get out of school, track me down. My people may have a job for you.† Gabrielle opened her mouth to thank him, but the senator was already on to the next person in line. Nonetheless, in the months that followed, Gabrielle found herself following Sexton's career on television. She watched with admiration as he spoke out against big government spending – spearheading budget cuts, streamlining the IRS to work more effectively, trimming fat at the DEA, and even abolishing redundant civil service programs. Then, when the senator's wife died suddenly in a car crash, Gabrielle watched in awe as Sexton somehow turned the negative into a positive. Sexton rose above his personal pain and declared to the world that he would be running for the presidency and dedicating the remainder of his public service to his wife's memory. Gabrielle decided right then and there that she wanted to work closely with Senator Sexton's presidential campaign.

The Right to Life essays

The Right to Life essays Abortion, the termination of pregnancy before the fetus has attained the ability to live independently, is morally wrong. The decision of pro-life or pro-choice has been society's most controversial topic for years. Those who support pro-life believe that life itself begins at conception, and that abortion is the actual killing of a human life. Those who support pro-choice, on the other hand, believe that the child's mother has every right to carry out or end a pregnancy, and that the child in the womb is not a person until it is born. This has been proven wrong. The child is a person as soon as it is conceived, it is distinct and different and has its own heartbeat. The moment the sperm unites with the egg, the cells begin to divide into genes that will make the child unique and this can never be duplicated again. Abortion ends the lives of living, breathing, and moving children, and therefore I think it is murder. In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that as long as the baby lived in the womb, it was the property of the mother. Because of this, one out of every three babies in America is killed by abortion, which is 1.5 million per year. In 1969, the abortion laws were changed in Canada, so that it became legal for a doctor to perform an abortion if a committee of three other doctors deemed that continuation of the pregnancy would cause a threat to the health of the mother. Imagine how many potential scientists, teachers, or just unique individuals have been killed by this There are several different forms of abortion, all of which are disgustingly violent and indecent: 1) Vacuum curettage is a powerful suction tube inserted through the cervix and into the womb. The fetus is torn apart by the force of the suction, and the body parts and placenta are then sucked into a jar. 2) Mifepristone is a chem ...

Free Essays on Enduring Love

are reflected in the novel and also in the events the novel is to go on to describe. I believe he uses the first line to create a contrast with the rest of the chapter. Whilst he states that it was easy to mark the beginning of the event that was the balloon crash, he then chooses to skip backwards in time, going over some of the series of events immediately prior to the accident. It seems that he is trying to convey to the reader a sense that everything is not as simple as it may first seem, that all events have causes, effects and consequences and that they are an indivisible seri! es of events that cannot be separated from one another. The fact that he is a scientist and his girlfriend is an English scholar does not seem to fit with the fact that it is he who runs impulsively towards the balloon whilst Clarissa merely â€Å"walks quickly†. This seems to suggest that scientific theories of materialism do n... Free Essays on Enduring Love Free Essays on Enduring Love Emile Zola describes the role of the novelist as being like â€Å"a pathologist dissecting life with the book as a kind of experiment†. How does this illuminate our understanding of the first chapter of Enduring Love ? If Ian McEwan is a pathologist dissecting life, with Enduring Love being the experiment, then he uses the narrator like a surgical tool to carry out the experiment and reveal the truth. The character who narrates the event of the balloon crashing and who is also part of the event itself is a scientist. This is clearly reflected in the views he holds on the event and the way in which he describes them to us. The first paragraph of the chapter and so of the whole book is extremely interesting. McEwan begins â€Å"The beginning is easy to mark†¦ We turned to look across the field and saw the danger. Next thing I was running towards it†¦ I don’t recall dropping the corkscrew, or getting to my feet†. It is slightly ironic that he chooses to begin his novel with the line, â€Å"The beginning is easy to mark†. His words are reflected in the novel and also in the events the novel is to go on to describe. I believe he uses the first line to create a contrast with the rest of the chapter. Whilst he states that it was easy to mark the beginning of the event that was the balloon crash, he then chooses to skip backwards in time, going over some of the series of events immediately prior to the accident. It seems that he is trying to convey to the reader a sense that everything is not as simple as it may first seem, that all events have causes, effects and consequences a nd that they are an indivisible seri! es of events that cannot be separated from one another. The fact that he is a scientist and his girlfriend is an English scholar does not seem to fit with the fact that it is he who runs impulsively towards the balloon whilst Clarissa merely â€Å"walks quickly†. This seems to suggest that scientific theories of materialism do n...

Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example Research Paper Example Research Paper Example Research paper writing is one of the difficult types of the academic essay writing. Academic essay should present the results of your investigation on a selected topic. Research essay writing should not be based on your own thoughts only, pay attention to the facts and generate interesting research paper ideas. Before starting English, you should find, read, and analyze a big amount of scientific literature. We offer you to read the following research paper example The Effects of Technology on Business and improve your own writing: Research Paper Introduction We need technology, and yet every new technology places new demands upon us and creates new forms of stress. We can't live with it, but we can't live without it. There is no turning back to some pre-technological Eden. Aristotle rightly described man as an animal that lives by technology... Research Paper Body Paragraph One In a broad sense, then, technology forms our environment. This environment remains unperceived unless we are separated from it, as a fish does not know what water is until it is beached. The particular technological environment wherein we are nurtured is incorporated into our being. It forms who we are. We do not need to make any special effort to learn it. Rather, it is learned by absorption... Research Paper Body Paragraph Two We probably all have personal experience relating to how people relate to computer technology. Some people, children more than adults, jump right in to using the machine. Others view the machine with apprehension, hitting the panic button every time they cannot make it perform. Those who adapt to it treat it with the same familiarity as one treats a pet animal, and they learn quickly by trying different things. The apprehensive despair of learning the theoretical intricacies of files and directories. The computer, then, is for the first group part of the environment. For the second group, it is an external irritant in the environment to which they have grown accustomed... Research Paper Conclusion Information technology of any sort is a valuable extension of our natural powers of perception and reasoning, but when we rely on it exclusively, it has a debilitating effect. In the first stage when we are confronted with new technology, it absorbs all our resources of adaptation, and we tend to push it to its limits. It absorbs all our attention. If this remains the permanent attitude, the result is that we overextend our own natural powers, which the technology was meant to serve, and become the servants of the technology... Research Paper Proposal A research paper proposal is the presentation of an idea that you wish to pursue. It means that you have already thought about your research paper topic, that you've found necessary information, read it and arranged your thoughts. The research proposal isn't a work of one night. It requires a deep analysis of your steps, ideas and thoughts. Research paper is a creation of work that is uniquely yours. A good research paper requires your ability to gather, interpret, and document information, develop and organize ideas and conclusions. Advanced research paper should be readable and understandable. Custom Research Paper Writing Custom research paper writing service offered at is of premium quality.   We are focused on quality and your needs, we follow all of your instructions and meet deadlines.   We put your interests on the first place and deliver custom research paper which exceed expectations of your tutor. Do not miss an opportunity to become a good student with our help!

Marketing planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing planning - Case Study Example lems related to layering of different materials over each other, and use of undesired objects within prototypes(Amon et al., 1993).Sintering was applied to minimize energy demands, gluing and blazing were used in the start to fill the void spaces (Amon et al., 1993). Moreover, ceramic powder was used for modeling a prototype, however, there were some pores present in the final product therefore, use of submicron particles of ceramics were referred to provide full density (Yoo et al., 1993). In the last thirty years or so, 3D printing has achieved several milestones; among them are prosthetics engineering, building engines, and even complete cars. The current trends in the sales of 3D printers are not as encouraging as they were expected a few years back, the main reason being their prices and system requirements. However, the way 3D printer producing companies have optimized their manufacturing capacities and drop down the cast; it seems that targets that were forecasted may soon be achieved. Some of the issues that have caused the limited of 3D printers’ sales apart from high prices are complex programming and designing, non-user friendly soft wares, and limited range of manufacturing materials, and slow processing. To overcome these obstacles, companies like 3D Systems, Voxeljet, ExOne and Stratasys will have to lead from the front. Investors should consider investing into these companies by buying their shares. Moreover, these companies should work for in dev eloping user friendly product interface. New models should be established and presented into markets at low rates for the promotion of products. More money should be spent in research towards discovering new materials, and designing faster and better printers. The minimum price of a 3D printer is around $ 1350, so by analyzing the cost of these machines, one can understand well that why these machines are not very common among consumers, Moreover, due to the lack of technical understanding about its

Plea Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plea Bargaining - Essay Example Besides, the delay of justice inherent in legal trials will also practically amount to a denial of justice. Therefore, plea bargaining is a legal option when a defendant willingly agrees to settle a particular case under certain conditions and guidelines. Plea bargaining allows for a settlement of many cases outside the court when the two adversarial sides agree to reach an agreement (Goldstein, 1985, p. 62). In cases subjected to plea bargaining, either of the two sides, which are either the defendant or the prosecution, can initiate negotiations for plea bargaining, if both sides are willing to reach an agreement (Goldstein, 1985, p. 63). Plea bargaining usually involves a defendant pleading guilty to some or all of the charges levied against him or her, in return for which the prosecution makes recommendations for leniency in the sentence to be awarded to the defendant (Goldstein, 1985, p. 63). The hallmark of plea bargaining is that under no circumstances a judge is bound to hono r the recommendations made by the prosecution (Goldstein, 1985). Much of the plea bargains are subject to the court approval. Though the option of plea bargaining has its positives, yet it is also predisposed to certain demerits. Plea bargaining allows a defendant to avoid the loss of time and resources required for defending him or her (Tonry, 2000, p. 469). Plea bargaining also allows a defendant a chance to avoid stringent and harsh sentences and the accompanying negative publicity that a full trial may achieve (Tonry, 2000, p. 469). This also saves the courts the burden of carrying out a full trial of all the charges brought before them. By engaging in plea bargaining, the prosecution also saves on time and resources. Besides, it goes without saying that a criminal trial involves much uncertainty and anxiety. Plea bargaining helps concerned parties to avoid such uncertainty and anxiety (Tonry, 2000). Plea bargaining readily offers a conviction to the prosecution and allows one t o shape the sentencing as per one’s inclinations and aspirations (Tonry, 2000). Plea bargaining also has a favorable impact on the already overcrowded prison system. Plea bargaining also has its demerits in the sense that the detractors of this option hold that it offers to the criminals an easy way out of the criminal justice system (Saney, 1986, p. 139). The other disadvantage of plea bargaining is that it is open to the approval of the courts. If a court does not agree to an agreement achieved through plea bargaining, the case is left open to a full trial (Saney, 1986, p. 139). Plea bargaining is also harsh on the defendants in the sense that once a defendant pleads guilty and signs an agreement reached through plea bargaining, one will be left with no option to submit an appeal at a later stage if the case goes for a full trial (Saney, 1986). Though it is pragmatic to conclude that the option of plea bargaining helps the courts being crippled by a deluge of trials, still the criminal justice system needs to contrive better options which would allow for the exercise of justice without weighing heavily on the scarce resources at its disposal. Luckily, besides plea bargaining, many other legal options are available to the criminal justice system. Diversion programs stand to be one such option.

Advertisement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advertisement Analysis - Assignment Example In this advert, all the car’s occupants comprise youths who have had an accident though the two teens occupying passenger seats seem to have already died. There is a phone showing incomplete statement, â€Å"We’re already ther†¦.† which afterwards rings; probably their friends are inquiring victims where they have reached once they fail to receive a reply text within the anticipated period (â€Å"Eberhard Productions†). In order to make this advert work effectively, producer chooses to use an extremely catching tune while showing the accident’s severity. Hence, bringing a feeling which normally follows tension sound tracks mostly used in movies to evaluate or show consequences of a calamity especially when victims are trying to come into terms with the reality (â€Å"Eberhard Productions†). The advert also utilizes both continuous and immobile animations features like dented vehicle, tree, passing car as well unconscious children who are lethally injured. Other animations include ringing phone, which has prompted the young woman to cause an accident with an incomplete message though the person they were rushing to meet is calling. It is intriguing how the producer integrates actions in the film to relay his or her message. Instead of the warning statement of texting while driving being at the start of the film, he or she chooses to have it towards the end. These encompass unconscious injured victims, dented car, ringing phone and screaming young woman due to shock of what has befallen them though her shout is not audible in the movie (â€Å"Eberhard

Discuss the Setting of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cast of Amontillado Essay

Discuss the Setting of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cast of Amontillado - Essay Example An author also uses the settings to elaborate on the surroundings or to distract one’s reader, to make way for introducing credibility or organization in a story or to make the things more confusing or chaotic. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe is a story that hovers around revenge and vengeance. The narrator in the story creates a spooky and gloomy setting centered on the underground tomb of a European aristocrat, and ideal locale and ambience to relate a mysterious and blood curdling tale from the past. The settings in this story make it more believable, add to its Gothic appeal and keep the reader expectant and apprehensive till the end. When it comes to the setting in a story, Poe’s approach was to select and reveal the details with precision and care so that they amply contributed to the mood he intended to project, while avoiding all excess and dross. This is what Poe masterfully attempts to do while choosing the setting in the work under co nsideration. The essential objective of the setting in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is to accentuate the tale’s mysteriousness, by leaving many questions unanswered. The writer or the narrator never clearly mentions the locale of the story. It is the narrator’s reference to â€Å"palazzo†, which is the Italian for a palace and his knowledge of the Italian wines that amply corroborate to the conjecture that perhaps the story is set at some place in Italy (Poe: Online). Plausibly, a noncommittal and ambiguous approach on the part of the writer regarding the place where the story takes place in a way allows the readers to let their imagination go free. This stratagem allows the readers to use one’s fancy to guess or often fill in the details that the writer purposely left unanswered and untold. The tendency to hide big details while immaculately etching the micro physical and atmospheric elements of the surroundings in which the story takes place, m akes the writer have a hold over the readers deep seated emotions of pity and fear, while nowhere obviously appearing to do so. Again the writer never directly mentions the time in which the story takes place. However, it will be safe to say that it took place somewhere around 18th or 19th century, as Fortunato is depicted as being a Mason (Poe: Online). Also, Montresor is shown as wearing a ‘roquelaire’, which was a common fashion accessory, attributed to the 18th and the 19th century (Poe: Online). The ambiguity regarding the time and place in the narrative initially frustrates the reader, until one relents and surrenders one’s imagination to the will and intentions of the writer. Poe also uses the setting in the story to create a contrast between the revelry of the carnival in the 18th century Italy and the horror associated with Montresor’s vaults and catacombs (Poe: Online). The parties, costumes, feasts, parades, capes and masks signifying the festiv ities and joys of the carnival are in sharp contrast to the darkness, murkiness and somewhat diabolical nature of the crime that Montresor intends to commit. The gaiety and piety associated with the carnival acts as a file which further accentuates the morbidity of Montresor’s intentions and strategy. The brooding sense of fear and threat are in a way get highlighted by the atmosphere in Montresor’s underground vault where both his wine and the skeleton’s of his family members reside (Poe: Online). To the essentially American readers of Poe, these

Ambassador Theatre Group Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ambassador Theatre Group - Research Paper Example The theatre was founded by Howard Panter and Rosemary Squire in the year 1992 the couple has marvelous history of enthusiastic pursuits.   Sir Eddie Kulukundis is the life president of the group and has enormous contributions towards the revival of the art and entertainment industry in Britain. The love of the creative art was the driving force behind the concept of a fanatic couple, â€Å"Seventeen years ago a pair of theatre obsessive went into business together to build a theatre in Woking.† (Hoyle 2009). The theatre has now developed into a matchless huge corporation that operates worldwide from a mere innovation of two ambitious art lovers.The group not only successfully retain the successes achieved in the early years of the company but has shown a great caliber to build upon these early success Ashton (2009) has noted the same, â€Å"ATG, set up in 1992 by husband and wife team Howard Panter and Rosemary Squire, will dominate London’s West End, managing more t han 11,000 theatre seats.† Beyond this success story, the Ambassador Theatre Groups has an unparallel symbolic significance for art lovers to work hard and achieve the heights that Howard Panter and Rosemary Squire had never dreamed. The ATG group business is operating in several sector of the industry including the media production, theatre management and ticketing etc. The group achieved the stature of single largest theatre group from scratch as Nighingale states â€Å"That’s the challenge for Howard Panter and Rosemary Squire".

Discuss the Setting of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cast of Amontillado Essay

Discuss the Setting of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cast of Amontillado - Essay Example An author also uses the settings to elaborate on the surroundings or to distract one’s reader, to make way for introducing credibility or organization in a story or to make the things more confusing or chaotic. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe is a story that hovers around revenge and vengeance. The narrator in the story creates a spooky and gloomy setting centered on the underground tomb of a European aristocrat, and ideal locale and ambience to relate a mysterious and blood curdling tale from the past. The settings in this story make it more believable, add to its Gothic appeal and keep the reader expectant and apprehensive till the end. When it comes to the setting in a story, Poe’s approach was to select and reveal the details with precision and care so that they amply contributed to the mood he intended to project, while avoiding all excess and dross. This is what Poe masterfully attempts to do while choosing the setting in the work under co nsideration. The essential objective of the setting in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is to accentuate the tale’s mysteriousness, by leaving many questions unanswered. The writer or the narrator never clearly mentions the locale of the story. It is the narrator’s reference to â€Å"palazzo†, which is the Italian for a palace and his knowledge of the Italian wines that amply corroborate to the conjecture that perhaps the story is set at some place in Italy (Poe: Online). Plausibly, a noncommittal and ambiguous approach on the part of the writer regarding the place where the story takes place in a way allows the readers to let their imagination go free. This stratagem allows the readers to use one’s fancy to guess or often fill in the details that the writer purposely left unanswered and untold. The tendency to hide big details while immaculately etching the micro physical and atmospheric elements of the surroundings in which the story takes place, m akes the writer have a hold over the readers deep seated emotions of pity and fear, while nowhere obviously appearing to do so. Again the writer never directly mentions the time in which the story takes place. However, it will be safe to say that it took place somewhere around 18th or 19th century, as Fortunato is depicted as being a Mason (Poe: Online). Also, Montresor is shown as wearing a ‘roquelaire’, which was a common fashion accessory, attributed to the 18th and the 19th century (Poe: Online). The ambiguity regarding the time and place in the narrative initially frustrates the reader, until one relents and surrenders one’s imagination to the will and intentions of the writer. Poe also uses the setting in the story to create a contrast between the revelry of the carnival in the 18th century Italy and the horror associated with Montresor’s vaults and catacombs (Poe: Online). The parties, costumes, feasts, parades, capes and masks signifying the festiv ities and joys of the carnival are in sharp contrast to the darkness, murkiness and somewhat diabolical nature of the crime that Montresor intends to commit. The gaiety and piety associated with the carnival acts as a file which further accentuates the morbidity of Montresor’s intentions and strategy. The brooding sense of fear and threat are in a way get highlighted by the atmosphere in Montresor’s underground vault where both his wine and the skeleton’s of his family members reside (Poe: Online). To the essentially American readers of Poe, these

The Airline Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Airline Industry - Case Study Example (Berg, 2008). This achievement is indeed remarkable against the backdrop of escalating fuel prices, rising operating coats and fierce competition in the airlines industry, either leaving many airline companies to close shop, or seek mergers and strategic alliances with larger airlines, to save themselves from virtual extinction. Business strategy in terms of quick, short and multiple entry and departures from secondary airports, or short haul flights, which not only add to revenues but also cut downs operating costs and saves fuel dramatically. Larger airlines are committed to long haul services, especially over global skies, which, economically speaking, freezes revenues and incurred large burn-out of fuel. When a comparative analysis of short flights and long hauls are made, it is seen that the former serves profits and revenues more loyally and conscientiously than the latter. It is necessary for a no frill airlines like South West to work "with new schedule planning tools and processes and fleet flexibility," so that Southwest are " well-positioned to respond to a rapidly changing environment and have the flexibility to adjust our flight schedule, as necessary, to eliminate unproductive flying." (Berg, 2008). The Company has entered into understanding for hedging 80% of estimated fuel needs with values assigned being approx. $ 61 /barrel. Based on this, the present market value of fuel derivatives for 3Q 2008 to 2012 works out to around $4.3B, taking into account the conspicuous hike in fuel prices in recent years. The table shown below takes into account the futures hedging transactions scripted for forecast 2008 through 2011. Serial Year Derivatives contract as percentage of fuel consumptionAver Barrel Crude price US$ 1. 4Q. '08 80% of fuel consumption58 2. 2009 70% of fuel consumption66 3. 2010 40% of fuel consumption 81 4. 2011 20% of fuel consumption 77 5. 2012 20% of fuel consumption 76 (Berg, 2008). The future of airlines is dependent upon American economy: The airlines industry in the US depends heavily upon the state of economic health prevailing in the country. This is because the predominance of good economy translates into greater economic activities, which could encourage air travel for business. In the present context, the world economy, and particularly, US is in a state of flux. Privatization of airlines had its share of economic prosperity, but is not without challenges. As a result of open skies policies, many small airlines companies came into the field, and more significantly, upturned the business prospects of large, established players, whose heavy overheads, spiraling operating costs and high ticketing structure resulted in unmitigated disasters.. Smaller, leaner and low cost airlines companies, with just the minimum infrastructure necessary, provided much better service at much lower costs. Larger companies were forced to merge or close operations. Moreover, it is also seen that the airlines industry in the US are highl y concentrated, with 90% of the revenues generated from just "the

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Analysis Essay Shirley Jackson is a master of suspense. She starts the story The Lottery off by describing what seems to be a normal summers day in an average village. This gives the reader a false sense of security which quickly turns into a sense of horror by the end of the story. Jackson uses the elements of a short story, atmosphere, plot and characters to create a sense of horror. One of the five elements of a short story that Jackson uses to create a sense of horror is atmosphere. Jackson describes the story as taking place on a clear, warm and sunny summer day but when one first reads about the children in the story, they are not playing and having fun and one would expect, instead they are quietly grouped together not doing much of anything. The fact that these children, more specifically the boys, are acting uneasy, and loafing around on beautiful summer day is one of the ways that Jackson uses atmosphere to create a sense of horror. Another one of the elements that Jackson uses to create a sense of horror is plot. When Tessie Hutchinson finds out that her husband and head of the family, Bill, has drawn the marked piece of paper she starts shouting out that â€Å"You didn’t give him time enough to take any paper her wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!† so everyone should have to draw again, it is starting to become clear that being the winner of this lottery is not a good thing. This is made even clearer when Tessie starts trying to have her in-laws added to the roster of the next group of contestants in order to better her chances of not being picked. Characters are the third and final element of a short story that Jackson uses to create a sense of horror. One of ways that Jackson use characters to create a sense of horror is through their names. An example of one of the characters she uses to do this is Mr. Graves. Grave can be used as an adjective or noun. The adjective means to cause alarm or to be serious. The noun refers to a burial place, typically a hole in the ground. Black is a color commonly associated with bad, mysterious and dark things, death being one of those things. When Mr.Graves makes his appearance he is bringing in the black box. The fact that a man called Mr. Graves is walking in with a black box, the author is letting the reader know that something bad is going to happen. This is one example of how Jackson uses the characters to create a sense of horror. Shirley Jackson tells a suspenseful story about a group of average people in an average village. She uses atmosphere, plot and characters, three of the five elements of a short story to create a horrific story which shows the reader how what we think to be normal customs and rituals can actually turn out to be horrific and barbaric if one takes a step back and judges them from a different perspective.

Effective Hand Washing Program Nursing Essay

Effective Hand Washing Program Nursing Essay Acute respiratory disease and intestinal tract infections are the primary causes of morbidity and mortality among young children (Vivas et al., 2008). Annually, more than 3-5 million children aged less than 5 years pass away from diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory-tract infection (WHO, 2005 cited in Luby et al., 2005). Moreover, WHO (2010) estimated that diarrhoea and respiratory infection are responsible for 35% of child deaths. The huge majority of child mortality occurs among the world poorest populations in low and middle-income countries. Vivas et al. (2008) reported that 62% and 31% of all deaths in Africa and Southeast Asia, respectively, are caused by infectious disease. In Indonesia, the largest cause of infant mortality and children less than five years mortality are diarrhoea and pneumonia (31.4 %, 23.8% and 25.2%, 15.5 %) (Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, 2007). According to the results of basic health research (2007) by MoH of Indonesia, 26% cause of death in the countryside in the age group 5-14 years are diarrhoea and pneumonia. This indicates there must be a comprehensive treatment for age groups that are vulnerable to infectious diseases can be protected. Although everyone is susceptible to the transmission of disease, but children as future generations are one group that is at biggest risk (Hezel, Bartlett, Hileman, Dillon, Cessna, 2000 cited in Vessey, Sherwood, Warner, Clark, 2007). Children who are at school age are very vulnerable because infectious diseases most affect younger children (Vivas et al., 2008). At this age they will blend with the environment outside their home that does not allow parents to keep their attention. Behaviours of children such as do not want to lose time to play or toilet facilities are smelly and dirty increase the risk for infection. With their vulnerability, children will be very easily affected by diseases caused by infection. A previous study by Luby et al. (2005) reported that infectious diseases are common among school-age children are diarrhoea, acute lower respiratory infection and impetigo. As a result of this disease children of school age are not able to follow the lessons in school due to absences. Absenteeism is a chief problem among school-aged children, with approximately 75% of all school absences endorsed to illness. Illness-related absences have been shown to escort to both negative educational and economic outcomes (Lau et al., 2010). Moreover, community-acquired infections are a major reason for absenteeism among elementary school students mentioned by Dyer, Shinder, Shinder, 2000; Hammond, Ali, Fendler, Dolan, Donovan, 2000; McGuckin, Ali, 2002 cited in Vessey et al., 2007). Absenteeism due to infectious diseases will usually increase during the winter (Adams, Hendershot, Marano, 1999 cited in Vessey et al., 2007). Moreover, Afroza (2007) argued that washing hands with soap right to r educe the risk of diarrhoea, avian influenza, pneumonia and other diseases. Base on the stages of development according to Erikson (1968), school-age children referred to as the apprenticeship of live. This stage is the period of learning and mastering more basic skills models (Erikson, 1968) so it is appropriate to introduce to them about how to avoid infectious diseases. Children are more interested to learning and are very possible to adopt healthy behaviours at a younger age. Due to school children is the symbolism of the unification of all components of the family and society (Yuhanna, 2010), they can also being agents of adjust by spreading what they have learned in school to their family and community members (Vivas et al., 2008). From the above description then hand washing program in school-age children are very precise and strategic. If hand washing is taught from the beginning then certainly hand washing will become a habit until the end of their lives. Hand washing is very important technique was introduced to the school-age children. To get the best health benefit out of it, it is very important to consider the proper ways of washing hands with soap and running water (if possible). Several previous studies conducted in Indonesia found that although most of the people know about the importance of washing hands with soap but very few people (5%) know how to do it properly (Afroza, 2007). Hand washing with soap has been ranked the most cost-effective intervention for control of disease in the worldwide (Judah et al., 2009). A study conducted by Lau et al. (2010) found that hand washing interventions have been significantly reduce illness-related absences in elementary school students and significantly reduce a subset of illness-related absences (i.e. gastrointestinal illnesses). Hand washing is very effective programs conducted in schools. As a community, the school consists of various elements in them such as teachers, parents, students and the community around the school. Certainly the role of the other party is very important and needed. Then to involve other parties such as teachers, parents, community or society, strategic activities that possible to be implemented are community empowerment and health promotion (MoH of Indonesia, 2010). Furthermore, UNICEF (2006) stated that in order to create effective relationships need to do the communication and collaboration between schools, families and community. The affiliation of positive attitudes toward hand washing and the programs effectiveness in imparting knowledge helped to create a sustained social norm of hand washing among many children in disparate locations (Rosen, Zucker, Brody, Engelhard, Manor, 2009). Furthermore, to discuss many more in detail, the phenomena above will be describe into several topics such as definition, summarise and analyze, critically analyze opinion, and synthesize of phenomena into thesis plan. Definition In accordance with the phenomenon found in my interest area then the next explain about the appropriate definitions as follows: Hand washing Hand washing is washing hands with plain or antimicrobial soap and water (WHO, 2009). Hand washing is cleansing the hands of any dirt, starting from fingertip to elbow and arm in a certain way as needed (Subroto, 1987 cited in Yuhanna, 2010). Another definition by Potter (2005 cited in Yuhanna, 2010) hand washing is the rub with soap in with the whole hand skin surface with a strong and compact which is then rinsed under running water. Related to the definition above, in my opinion the definition of hand washing is practice of washing hands with soap by elementary school students in grade 1st 3rd . Elementary school According to Ministry of Education of Indonesia (2010) elementary school is a form of formal education unit conducting public education on basic education. Primary education aims to build a foundation for the growth potential of learners to become a human being: a healthy, independent, and confident. Public school or other equivalent form consisting above 6 (six) levels of classes, namely grade 1 (one), grade 2 (two), grade 3 (three), grade 4 (four), grade 5 (five), and grade 6 (six). As far as my knowledge, elementary school is operationally defined as the place where students 1st 3rd grades doing hand washing activities. Effective According to businessdictionary.com effective is the degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems are solved. Effectiveness is determined without reference to cost and, whereas effectiveness means doing the right thing. Moreover in dictionaryreference.com effective is adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the intended or expected result: effective teaching methods. Based on the definition before, for this phenomenon effective is how grade 1st 3rd elementary school students to wash hands in accordance with quality of hand washing. Program According to oxfortdictionary.com definition of program is a planned series of future events or performances. The synonym of program is a set of related measures or activities with a particular long-term aim. Moreover in Cambridge dictionaries online program defined as a plan of activities to be done or things to be achieved. Program is operationally defined as a series of hand-washing activities made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by the community school for students grade 1st 3rd. Summarise and analyze Based on previous studies obtained, further in this paper will describe summarise and analyze six components, namely definition, objective, conceptual framework, research design, samples, main result and limitation. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify, describe, explain, or predict the solution to a situation or a phenomenon that occurs (Hamid, 2007). As the best of my literacy, all research studies have clearly set goals. Based on 28 studies were found, the purpose of the studies can be divided into six categories. First, it aims to determine hand washing practice behaviour (Quintero, Freeman, Neumark, 2009; Drankiewich Dundes, 2003; Larson, Aiello, Cimiotti, 2004; Aslan et al., 2006; Larson Lusk, 2006; Yuhanna, 2010; Arfianti, 2010). In general the researchers would like to know about the implementation of hand washing compliance in various settings such as health care setting and in education setting. A study conducted by Quintero et al. (2009) further explains that by knowing about the hand washing behaviour will be able to identify bottlenecks in the implementation of proper hand washing practises. Meanwhile, Yuhanna (2010) connects the hand washing behaviour with parenting parent s. Second, it aims to assess affect of hand washing (Luby et al., 2005; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Thumma, Aiello, Foxman, 2009). Study conducted by Luby et al. (2005) dan Thumma et al. (2009) associate hand washing with incidence of acute respiratory infection, impetigo and diarrhoea. While, Nandrup-Bus (2011) study associate hand washing with actual absenteeism because of infectious illness. Third, the objective is to determine hand washing barriers (Ramos, Schrader, Trujillo, Blea, Greenberg, 2010). To the best of my knowledge, there are three major barriers in hand washing practice such as facilities, supplies and supports. Specifically, Ramos et al. (2010) conduct studies about supplies barrier such as: soap and paper towel/hand dryer. Fourth, to get an idea of application of various handwashing product (Fuller et al., 2011; Morton Schultz, 2004). Fuller et al. (2011) and Morton Schultz (2004) each using a technique gloving and washing hand by alcohol gel. Based on guidelines on hand hygiene in health care by WHO (2009) to determine an effective hand washing products for hand hygiene should be carried out laboratory tests. Meanwhile, the two studies above are not in actual laboratory tests. Fuller et al. (2011) only to find whether hand hygiene compliance differed when gloves were worn and Morton Schultz (2004) linking the use of alcohol gel with reducing absenteeism secondary to infectious illness. Fifth, to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of hand washing in community through the provision of education and promotion (Vivas et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2010; Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Rosen et al., 2009; Nandrup-Bus, 2010, Tousman et al., 2007; Zain, 2010). According to WHO (2009) area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹education and promotion is very appropriate to be applied in both developed and developing countries. Especially in the developing countries, conduct cost-benefit, cost utility and cost-effectiveness very useful for improving hand hygiene. In line with Curtis et al. (2001) education or promotion program can change behavior and to be effective if built on local research, use locally appropriate channels of communication repeatedly and for an extended time. This is consistent with studies conducted by Lau et al. (2010) and Tousman et al. (2007), each of which carry education and promotion by given repetitive instruction and multiple week learner centered . Finally, it aims to evaluate effectiveness of hand washing (Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009; Park, Cheong, Son, Ha, 2010; Asiedu, Van-Ess, Papoe, Asiedu, Anderson, 2011; Dunn, Palombo, Salamone, 2002; Vessey et al., 2007; Guinan, McGuckin, Ali, 2002; Snow, White, Kim, 2008). Based on the best of my literacy, effectiveness of hand washing related to quality of hand washing. Larson Lusk (1985) stated that quality of hand washing consist of five variables such as appropriateness, frequency, agent use, duration and technique. This statement are consistent with previous studies that conducted by Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009; Park et al., 2010; Asiedu et al., 2011; Snow et al.,2008. On the other hand, reported that hand washing effective if able to reducing and subsequent absenteeism and no difference between different hand washing facilities (free wash hand basins and manual tap operated basins) in reducing microbial flora of hands (Dunn et al., 2002; Vessey et al ., 2007; Guinan et al., 2002). Conceptual framework From 28 research articles, several theoretical frameworks have been used, explicitly or implicitly, by the reviewed studies as the basis of intervention design and implementation. Although most articles failed to give a clear description of the theoretical framework behind the intervention design, based on the description of program procedure, I have identified the use of the following theoretical approaches: health belief model (Park et al., 2010; Morton Schultz, 2004), behavioural change theory (Tousman et al., 2007) and Precede Proceed model (Zain, 2010; Yuhanna, 2010). The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological models that effort to explain and predict health behaviors focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals (University of Twente, n.d.). Otherwise, Remocker Shea (2011) highlighted that HBM attempts to explain the thought process behind individuals decisions related to health behaviour change and maintenance. This model suggests that individuals determine the feasibility, benefits and costs related to an intervention or behaviour change based on the following constructs: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Park et al. (2010) used HBM to examine the perception, motivating factors, and behaviour related with the use of hand washing to prevent H1N1 influenza transmission. On the other hand, Morton Schultz (2004) used HBM to understand hand washing knowledge and behaviours in the school setting and how the children practice this behaviour both insid e and outside the school environment. In these previous studies the use of HBM is appropriate because useful in understanding that perceived susceptibility to illness due to improper hand washing behaviours is necessary before commitment to changing or adopting the hand washing behaviour can occur. Tousman et al. (2007) used a model of health behavior change developed by Tousman Zeitz (2003). According to this model, behavior change is a function of factors related to the participants involved in the intervention, the structure of the intervention, and the techniques used in the intervention (Tousman et al., 2007). The participants factor refers to characteristics of the individual attempting to change behavior represented by 2nd grade students because they have a semantic knowledge base that allow them to accurately understand simple infectious disease principles. The structure of the intervention used four week 30 minute sessions. In this study, four types of learner-centered teaching techniques were used those are learner-centered interactive discussions, skill training, students perform activities and self monitoring homework assignment. The Precede-Proceed model describes factors influencing health outcomes and provides a comprehensive structure for health needs assessment, program design, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion programs (Hu, Wallace, Tesh, 2010). This model posits that predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors have an effect on behaviour and the environment (Huang Goran, 2003). The Precede-Proceed model consist of two phases, firstly is Precede phase and secondly Proceed phase. The Precede phase include social, epidemiological, behavioural and environmental, education, ecological, administrative and policy assessment (Hu et al., 2010), continuing by Proceed phase to the implementation and evaluation of the intervention (Huang Goran, 2003). Yuhanna (2010) find patterns of parenting as a reinforcing factors influencing hand washing behaviour in school-age children. Whereas, Zain (2010) identified predisposing factors which is education related to hand washing behaviour in school-a ge children. Zain (2010) stated that health education with lecture method, demonstrations and leaflets can affect hand washing behavior in school-age children. Both studies by Yuhanna (2010) and Zain (2010) only implement Precede phase, this may raise the question whether they can be specified using Precede Proceed model or not. A theoretical framework is essential at the beginning of a study to underpin research question and select variables as the end of a study to interpret the outcome (Kitrungrote Cohen, 2006). Furthermore, Bordage (2009) stated that conceptual frameworks help to understand problems or phenomenas that happen. Different conceptual frameworks emphasise different aspects of the problem or elements of the solution (Bordage, 2009). Thus, it can be concluded that the conceptual framework is essential. Researchers must determine the conceptual framework that will be use as a basis for research to be conducted. Research design According to Burns Grove (1993) cited in Hamid (2007) quantitative research is used to describe variables, examine the relationship between variables, and determine cause and effect interactions between variables. Each type of study design has advantages and disadvantages. Sastroasmoro Ismael (2008) states that the best design is to answer the research question accurately, effectively and efficiently. From 28 research studies, 25 studies used a quantitative study design and 3 used a mixed quantitative-qualitative design (Asiedu et al., 2011; Vessey et al., 2007; Tousman et al., 2007). None of the studies used a purely qualitative design. Among of studies that used quantitative study design, 2 studies used descriptive approach (Larson Lusk, 2006; Thumma et al., 2009), 13 studies used experimental approach (Luby et al., 2005; Dunn et al., 2002; Lau et al., 2010; Guinan et al., 2002; Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Rosen et al., 2009; Nandrup-Bus, 2010; Aslan et al., 2006 ; Ramos et al., 2010; Snow et al., 2008; Morton Schultz, 2004; Zain, 2010) and 10 studies used observational approach (Curtis et al., 2001; Fuller et al., 2011; Judah et al., 2009; Drankiewich Dundes, 2003; Larson et al., 2004; Vivas et al., 2008; Park et al., 2010; Quintero et al., 2009; Yuhanna, 2010; Arfianti, 2010). Among of 10 studies that used observational approach divided into 5 studies by cross sectional and 5 studies by longitudinal time dimension. Thirteen studies (46%) of the 28 studies used experimental design and 10 studies (36%) used observational design. This can be explained that in order to find the strongest causal relationship is to use an experimental study. While observational studies have the capacity of a causal relationship is weaker, but more widely used because it is relatively inexpensive and simple (Sastroasmoro Ismael, 2008). Sample To the best of my knowledge, sample related to subject, sample size, places of setting, and instruments that used to collect data. According to 28 studies reported that there are three categories of subject such as community, students in several setting and health care providers. Most of the subject in previous studies are students (Vivas et al., 2008; Asiedu et al., 2011; Vessey et al., 2007; Quintero et al., 2009; Lau et al., 2010; Guinan et al., 2002; Morton Schultz, 2004; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Nandrup-Bus, 2010; Tousman et al., 2007; Snow et al., 2008; Ramos et al., 2010; Yuhanna, 2010; Zain, 2010; Park et al., 2010; Drankiewich Dundes, 2003; Thumma et al., 2009; Aslan et al., 2006; Rosen et al., 2009) followed by health care providers (Fuller et al, 2011; Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Larson Lusk, 2006; Arfianti, 2010; Larson et al., 2004) and community (Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009; Luby et al., 2005; Dunn et al., 2002). The selection of the student as a subject most clos ely related to two things: the school age group is susceptible to diseases caused by infection (Hezel et al., 2000 cited in Vessey et al., 2007; Vivas et al., 2008) and characteristics of development phase of school age (Yuhanna, 2010). School-age children is the great imitator, they would learn to behave as the behavior of those around them. So that when children are taught from childhood to live clean and healthy behaviors, such as washing hands before and after feeding, they will be familiar and accept become habits (Yuhanna, 2010). School children are the symbolism of the union of all components of the family and community. So in this case school-age children can serve as agents of change for healthy behavior (Yuhanna, 2010). The sample sizes of students range from 57 (Zain, 2010) to 2042 (Quintero et al., 2009). The sample sizes of health care providers range from 54 (Sjoberg Ericksson, 2010) to 131 (Larson Lusk, 2006). The sample sizes of community range from 32 (Dunn et al., 2002) to 198,000 (Judah et al., 2009). Dunn et al. (2002) used 32 premises become samples divided into 13 premises with manual hand basins and 19 premises with hand free basins to investigate the effectiveness of hands free wash hand basins and manual tap operated basins in reducing microbial flora on food handlers hands. Related to the place of setting, school is the current setting that reported used followed by practise setting and community setting. At school setting consist of several specific setting. First in preschool (Rosen et al., 2009), second in elementary school (Vivas et al., 2008; Asiedu et al., 2011; Vessey et al., 2007; Quintero et al., 2009; Lau et al., 2010; Guinan et al., 2002; Morton Schultz, 2004; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Nandrup-Bus, 2010; Tousman et al., 2007; Snow et al., 2008; Ramos et al., 2010; Yuhanna, 2010; Zain, 2010), third in secondary school (Aslan et al., 2006) and fourth in college (Park et al., 2010; Drankiewich Dundes, 2003; Thumma et al., 2009). At practice setting used wards in the hospital both inpatient and outpatient care unit (Fuller et al, 2011; Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Larson Lusk, 2006; Arfianti, 2010; Larson et al., 2004). At community setting used household, premises and natural setting (Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009; Luby et al., 2005; Dunn et a l., 2002). From 28 research articles, several instruments have been used, explicitly or implicitly, single or combination used such as structure observation check list, questionnaire, wireless devices, several hand washing promotion, reviewing document, self report and combine of two or three instruments. Structure observation check list is the most widely used instrument (Curtis et al., 2001; Fuller et al., 2011; Dunn et al., 2002; Drankiewich Dundes, 2003; Aslan et al., 2006; Ramos et al., 2010; Snow et al., 2008). Followed by questionnaire instrument that used within 6 studies (Vivas et al., 2008; Park et al., 2010; Quintero et al., 2009; Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Larson Lusk, 2006; Yuhanna, 2010). Four studies from Lau et al. (2010); Guinan et al. (2002); Nandrup-Bus. (2010); Morton Schultz (2004) used reviewing document as instrument. Otherwise, several hand washing promotion instrument used by Luby et al. (2005); Rosen et al. (2009); Zain (2010). Furthermore, studies from Judah et al. ( 2009); Thumma et al. (2009); respectively, used wireless devices and self report as the instrument. Another four studies used more than one instruments. Asiedu et al. (2011) used combination between questionnaire and structure observation check list, Vessey et al. (2007) mixed between several hand washing promotion and reviewing document, Larson et al. (2004) combined between structure observation check list and self reported: diary, Nandrup-Bus (2011) used questionnaire and reviewing document and Tousman et al. (2007) mixed multiple instruments such as training devices, handout, reviewing document and structure observation check list. As opposite, studies conducted by Arfianti (2010) did not mention what type of instrument used. As additional, all studies have explained about the ethical consideration. It is very important because the main objective of the ethics of research is to provide optimum protection to the subject of research (Sastroasmoro Ismael, 2008). Main result With regard to documenting outcome measure, in all 28 studies reported several outcomes measure, respectively, hand washing compliance, absenteeism rate, hand washing frequency, illness symptom, soap usage, glove usage, number of colonies, presence of hand washing supplies, hand washing disinfectant consumption and some of the studies used more than one type of outcome measure. Not only outcome measure, but also variables identified from all 28 studies. Eight studies used hand washing compliance for outcome measure (Vivas et al., 2008; Quintero et al., 2009; Drankiewich Dundee, 2003; Larson et al., 2004; Larson Lusk, 2006; Yuhanna, 2010; Arfianti, 2010; Zain, 2010). Seven studies used absenteeism rate as outcome measure (Vessey et al., 2007; Lau et al., 2010; Guinan et al., 2002; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Nandrup-Bus, 2010; Tousman et al., 2007; Morton Schultz, 2004). Each of these two studies used soap usage (Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009), hand washing frequency (Park et al., 2010; Snow et al., 2008), and illness symptom (Luby et al., 2005; Thumma et al., 2009). Each one a study that used glove usage (Fuller et al., 2011), number of colony (Dunn et al., 2002), presence of hand washing supplies (Ramos et al., 2010) and hand disinfectant consumption (Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010). Some of the studies used more than one type of outcome measure. Asiedu et al. (2011) mixed hand washing practice and presence of hand washing facilities and supplies become outcome measure. In other hand, Rosen et al. (2009) combined belief, attitude, knowledge and self efficacy of preschool educator as outcome measure and Aslan et al. (2006) used level of knowledge and hand washing practice become outcome measure. According to 28 studies reported several variables that influenced hand washing treatment, respectively demography variable included age, education level, social norms and social status, quality of hand washing variable, impact of improper hand washing, insufficient of hand washing facilities or inadequate hand washing supplies, social support or social relationship and hand washing barriers. In eight intervention studies (Luby et al., 2005; Vessey et al., 2007; Lau et al., 2010; Guinan et al., 2002; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Nandrup-Bus, 2010; Ramos et al., 2010; Morton Schultz, 2004), the study group was divided into one experimental and one control group. Rosen et al., (2009) and Aslan et al., (2006) have a one group experimental. Two studies (Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Zain, 2010) used pre test and post test questionnaires, whereas Snow et al., (2008) used one control group, two intervention group and post intervention questionnaires. As the best of my literacy, there are both consistency finding and inconsistency finding highlight among 28 studies. According to variable demography, namely gender reported consistent that female were more likely to practice more frequent hand washing (Park et al., 2010; Thumma et al., 2009). Otherwise, Lau et al. (2010); Guinan et al. (2002); Nandrup-Bus, (2011); Nandrup-Bus, (2010); Tousman et al. (2007); Morton Schultz, (2004) explained that intervention group has fewer episodes of sickness absence and fewer sickness day than control group. Its become inconsistency finding because as opposite Vessey et al. (2007) state that no significant differences were noted between the groups, indicating that the number of student absence was not appreciably affected by the hand cleansing technique used. Based on the important inconsistency finding of this study suggesting implication for further studies in order that focus on absenteeism rate affect by hand washing action. Limitation From 28 research articles, several limitations have been founded, explicitly or implicitly, single or multiple limitations. Several single limitations have to consider when interpreting the studies. First, limitation in approach system used (Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009; Park et al., 2010; Vessey et al., 2007; Drankiewich Dundes, 2003; Larson et al., 2004). Curtis et al. (2001) stated that structured observation has limitation as a method of collecting data about human behaviour. Second, sample size and homogenous sample (Dunn et al., 2002; Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010; Yuhanna, 2010; Zain, 2010). Dunn et al. (2002) informed that small number of manual wash hand basins available for the project become limitation of the study. Third, Quintero et al. (2009) explained that instrument, namely questionnaire has any bias toward over reporting of proper behaviors. Fourth, out come variable from the studies (Larson Lusk, 2006; Morton Schultz, 2004). Morton Schultz (2004) stated tha t the outcome variable, absenteeism related to infectious illness could be perceived as bias in measurement because the school nurse served as data collector for the study. Fifth, 8 researchers were not clearly describe limitation in their studies (Luby et al., 2005; Asiedu et al., 2011; Nandrup-Bus, 2011; Rosen et al., 2009; Nandrup-Bus, 2010; Aslan et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2008; Thumma et al., 2009). In other hand, 7 researchers stated that in their studies have more than one limitation (Vivas et al., 2008; Fuller et al., 2011; Lau et al., 2010; Guinan et al., 2002; Tousman et al., 2007; Ramos et al., 2010; Arfianti, 2010). Vivas et al. (2008) stated that in their study there are several limitations toward to approach system, sample, and study design. Whereas, Arfianti (2010) explained that there are two limitations, namely sample and instrument in her study. Only five studies that explain the conceptual framework used (Park et al., 2010; Morton Schultz, 2004; Tousman et al, 2007; Yuhanna, 2010; Zain, 2010), whereas 23 researchers did not explain the conceptual framework that used as the basis on their studies. Critically analyze Based on the summary above, it will further be explained more specifically that gaps are found. The discussion will be divided into three sections: gap in knowledge and gap in conceptual framework. Gap in knowledge To the best of my knowledge, gap in knowledge found among others in objective and outcome variable. On the objective, all interventions have been prepared previously by the researchers. In this case, participants implement something planned by the researchers. Similarly, when the studies conducted in community setting (Curtis et al., 2001; Judah et al., 2009; Luby et al., 2005; Dunn et al., 2002). Curtis et al. (2001) evaluated whether the governments program of effective to behaviour change. Otherwise, Judah et al. (2009) determine effectiveness at increasing hand washing with soap in a natural setting. Moreover, Luby et al. (2005) assess the effect of hand washing promotion with soap on the incidence of acute respiratory infection, impetigo, and diarrhoea. Thus, all done by researchers have developed previously without the involvement of community to decide for themselves what they need. Fallen Dwi (2010) expressed how important and strategic working together with the community

The Feminist Perspective of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay -- Buffy Va

The Feminist Perspective of Buffy the Vampire Slayer In her feminist critique of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Anne Millard Daughtey described Buffy as a show which "obviously promotes female strength and power" (159). Buffy herself is a "symbol of female empowerment" (149); as feminists we can all take comfort in the fact that Buffy "kicks butt and so can we all" (164). Sherryl Vint agrees that Buffy is a "positive role model for young women, one which feminism should celebrate" (para. 3). I find this understanding of Buffy, both the character and the series, to be very problematic, and with this paper I aim to undertake a revised feminist critique of the show, and expose the Buffyverse as the product of a very traditional patriarchal world view which pays lip service to a superficial feminist fashioning. This is not to deny Daughtey and Vint's reading of the Slayer completely; a defining feature of Buffy the Vampire Slayer is the liminal position it occupies, at once advocating and refuting positivist feminist readings. However, it is my contention that women in the series are all portrayed in stereotypical ways which have been generated by patriarchy throughout the ages, and all of which serve to empty femininity, leaving the women as functional (fantasy) symbols only: the bluestocking (Willow, Jenny Calendar), the dumb but pretty cheerleader (Cordelia, and to a greater extent Harmony), the witch (Willow, Tara), the sexual hysteric (Dru), the madwoman (Glory). To return to Irigaray, in the Buffyverse there is "no such thing as woman", only artificial constructions of femininity, a theme neatly encapsulated in the character of Buffy's 'sister' Dawn. Dawn suddenly enters the show in season five in an initially bewildering ser... ...ague Summers. London: Arrow Books, 1971. Playden, Zoe Jane. "What you are, what's to come: Feminisms, Citizenship and the Divine". Reading the SIgler: An Unofficial Critical Companion to Buff and Angel. Ed. Roy Kaverney. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2002. 120-147. Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modem and Twentieth Century Representations. London: Routledge, 1996. Vint, Sherryl. " "Killing us Softly': A Feminist Search for the 'Real'Buffy". Slayage 5. 9 Dec 2002. <http://www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage5/vint.html> Whedon, Joss. Interview with Tasha Robinson. The Onion AV Club 37.31. 13 Dec 2002. <http://www.theonionavclub.com> Winslade, J. Lawton. "Teen Witches, Wiccans, and "Wanna Blessed Be's": Pop Culture Magic in Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Slayage 1. 9 Dec. 2002 http://www.slayage.tv/ essays/slayage 1 /winslade.html

Globalization: A Closer Look at the Ford Company

A Closer Look at the Ford Company Ford Motor Company multinational cooperation that uses outsourcing to lower costs and boost productivity. Until the sass's Ford had a supply chain that allowed them to control every aspect of the making and distributing of their automobiles. From the steel and rubber plants that make the parts, to building the vehicles, storage and shipping. Though this was a good way for the companies to promote local made in America vehicles it was not however time or cost effective.As a result of competition from other automotive companies Ford made the drastic changes of outsourcing the making of parts and manufacturing to other countries to speed productivity and lower costs. The advantages to the local communities as a result of outsourcing is that there are Jobs added to the community. The local communities that may have been struggling were given the opportunities to work for a company that produces good quality parts and manufacturing vehicles more quickly. The negative effects that this may have on a community is that more people would want to work for the outsourced company which leaves more local Jobs open.Also if the cost of living may increase because of the growth from the industry, which would ultimately make living harder in those countries for the people that do not work for the outsourced company. Global stratification affects the United States positively because it decreases the cost of manufacturing as well as the cost to pay the employees. This helps the companies to save more money than to keep the business in the United States. By outsourcing the company can save more money to pay the people higher p employees in the companies.At the same time global stratification has a negative effect on the United States because it takes Jobs away from the local people. If more companies kept their businesses in the United States it would create more jobs for the people that live here instead of adding to the employment of other count ries. The outsourcing of manufacturing Jobs may be contributing to the increasing unemployment rates that the United States is experiencing. The big winner in the companies that use outsourcing is the company that does the outsourcing, in this case it is the Ford Company.Ford was able to decrease their production time from 45 to 60 days per vehicle to only 15 days with the outsourced jobs. Ford was able to keep more finished vehicles ready to be shipped to waiting customers. Ford was also able to decrease the costs of manufacturing to make a higher profit off each vehicle sold. Though the countries that are fortunate enough to be chosen to be a part of the outsourced company gains Jobs and an increase in their economy but they are still on the short end of the stick.